Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

不同生育时期水分胁迫对水稻产量及品质的影响

[目的]水分是制约水稻生长的重要因素之一,对水稻产量及品质产生重大影响,通过分析不同生育时期水分胁迫对水稻产量及品质的影响,为水稻生产节水灌溉技术提供理论指导.[方法]于2018—2019年在四川农业大学成都校区教学试验基地大棚进行盆栽试验,选用宜香优2115(杂交籼稻)、IR72(常规籼稻)、南粳9108(常规粳稻)3种不同类型水稻为材料,分别于孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期进行轻度(LD,-20 kPa)、中度(MD,-40 kPa)、重度(SD,-60 kPa)3种水分胁迫处理,以淹水灌溉作为对照(CK,0 kPa),采用土壤张力计监测土壤水势,各生育时期水分胁迫处理时间均为10 d;分析3个生育时期不同水分胁迫条件下,不同类型水稻产量、抗旱系数、抗旱指数及稻米品质等指标的变化.[结果]不同水稻品种在3个时期对水分胁迫的敏感程度由高到低依次为孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期;就产量而言,孕穗期不同程度水分胁迫均会导致水稻每穗实粒数和结实率下降而减产,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108在不同水分胁迫下的平均产量分别较对照减少25.5％,28.4％和15.8％,开花期轻度水分胁迫可促进千粒质量增加而增产,IR72和南粳9108分别较对照增产1.1％和7.3％,灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可促进每穗实粒数、千粒质量和结实率增加进而提高产量,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108分别较对照增产10.6％、7.3％和15.5％;就品质而言,孕穗期不同程度水分胁迫均会导致稻米加工品质、蒸煮食味品质降低,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108在不同水分胁迫下的平均整精米率分别较对照减少7.5％,7.5％和4.6％,开花期和灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可提高稻米精米率和整精米率、增加胶稠度,灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可降低稻米的消减值、提高最高黏度和崩解值,从而改善食味品质,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108的崩解值分别较对照增加29.5％,34.8％和18.2％.3个水稻品种对水分胁迫的敏感程度由高到低依次为IR72、宜香优2115、南粳9108.[结论]综合水稻产量和品质分析表明,开花期和灌浆期轻度水分胁迫有利于节水增产,提升稻米品质.     

河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征

[目的] 探究河北省山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征，为该区水土流失治理措施的制定和实施提供科学依据。[方法] 应用时间变化分析和空间分布分析对河北省山区2000-2018年降雨侵蚀力进行分析。[结果] 时间趋势中燕山山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动上升趋势，主周期为11 a，在2009年发生突变，春、秋两季呈波动下降趋势，主周期分别为8和11 a，春季无突变点，秋季在2001年发生突变，夏季呈波动波动上升趋势，9 a为主周期，在2010年发生突变；太行山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动下降趋势，主周期为6 a，无突变点，夏、秋两季呈波动上升趋势，主周期分别为8和10 a，均无突变点，春季呈波动下降趋势，主周期为8 a，在2006年发生突变；空间分布中，年均降雨侵蚀力范围为1 063.39~5 127.44 MJ·mm/（hm²·h），燕山山区由西到东年及夏季平均降雨侵蚀力先增长后降低再增长，太行山区中由南向北年、夏季平均降雨侵蚀力逐渐降低，春、秋两季降雨侵蚀力分布规律较为多变。[结论] 通过对河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的分析，得出河北省山区夏季水土流失最为严重，燕山山区部分地区尤为突出。     

Assessment of soil aggregation properties after conversion from rice to greenhouse organic cultivation on SOC controlling mechanism

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Organic manure is beneficial for macro-aggregate formation and soil organic carbon (SOC), but how SOC change in aggregate fractions in time-series is still...     

Integrating meteorological factors for better understanding of the urban form-air quality relationship

Landscape Ecology - Understanding the urban form-air quality relationship is essential to mitigate intra-urban air pollution and to improve urban ecology. However, few studies considered urban form...     

我国玉米品种标准DNA指纹库构建研究及应用进展

介绍了我国玉米品种标准DNA指纹库构建的进展及应用情况。我国玉米品种标准DNA指纹库规模已达到22 089份,经与国内外作物品种DNA指纹库比较,是全球品种数量和建库规模最大的DNA指纹库,并且在区域试验、品种权保护及种子质量管理等方面都得到了广泛应用。至今已开展玉米品种真实性鉴定等达40 000多份次。同时,对DNA指纹库构建未来发展进行预测,建议继续发挥SSR标记的作用、加快推进SNP标记的研发、发掘In Del标记的应用潜力并持续关注测序技术的发展。     

Analysis and Assessment on Heavy Metal Contamination in Cotton Seeds of Hunan Province

[Objective] In order to guarantee the quality and safety of cotton products and to explore the feasibility of alternative planting, the contamination condition of the heavy metals in cotton seeds in Hunan province was investigated and evaluated. [Method] Fifty-six cotton seed samples, collected in 6 counties of Hunan province, were collected to determine 6 indicators including cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and inorganic arsenic contents. This was followed by pollution index calculation, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. [Results] The range of comprehensive pollution indexes of Junshan district, Anxiang county, Nanxian county, Wangcheng and Dingcheng districts varied between 0.366 5–0.577 0, which belonged to a secure level. However, the single pollution indexes of Hengyang county are relatively high. The comprehensive pollution index of Hengyang county was 0.801 6, meaning a mild pollution level. [Conclusion] The pollution status of cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic in Hunan cottonseed samples are generally acceptable. Cotton could be a substitute for rice on contaminated soil.     

两种除草剂对紫背浮萍的生长抑制活性研究

本文以叶状体数为测试指标,在实验室条件下研究了除草剂草甘膦、二甲戊灵对紫背浮萍生长的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内,两种除草剂均对紫背浮萍的生长具有明显的抑制作用,抑制率都随浓度的增加而增大,处理168h后,草甘膦、二甲戊灵对紫背浮萍叶状体的EC50分别为12.817、0.483mg/L。     

开展农林工程注册监理工程师继续教育培训的若干思考

随着林业建设的不断发展,林业各领域对农林工程注册监理工程师的需求量逐年增加,切实提高农林工程监理队伍的文化素养和业务能力显得尤为必要.针对当前农林工程注册监理工程师继续教育培训中存在的学习态度不端正、工学矛盾突出、培训手段单一、培训内容针对性不强等问题,建议以现代培训理念为指导,加强培训需求调研,因材施教,加强师资库、教材库、案例库“三库”建设,提升教学质量.